Brush your teeth...^^

Toothpaste is a gel that we use with toothbrush to clean our teeth. Toothpaste contains many ingredients, there are: fluoride, abrasives, detergents, humectants, flavorings and coloring agents. The main chemical of toothpaste are fluoride, antibacterial agents, desensitizing agents, sodium bicarbonate, anti-tartar agents, enzymes and xylitol.

~Fluoride helps to strengthen and protect teeth

~Antibacterial agents help to control the plaque-causing bacteria

~Desensitizing and anti-tartar agents help to reduce teeth sensitivity and control tartar

~Sodium bicarbonate helps to whiten teeth and remove plaque

~Enzymes destroy the oral bacteria

~Xylitol is a non-sugar sweetener

Humectants help the toothpaste to stay moist,prevent it to dry and lose the creamy texture.The examples of humectants are glycerine and sorbitol.The coloring and flavoring agents give it a pleasant taste. The foaming action of toothpaste occurs due to added detergents. The most common detergent used is sodium lauryl sulphate. The foam ensures that the toothpaste penetrates and deposits on the surface of the teeth get loosened. Abrasives like alumina trihydrate, dicalcium phosphate calcium carbonate are used to scrub and polish the teeth, and remove plaque formation. Among these ingredients, fluoride is the most important. It is also known as fluorspar - a combination of calcium and fluorine.

Let's brush our teeth together^^

Breath it out....carbon dioxide!!

During respiration, we breath out carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is only 0.04% in atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a molecule with the molecular formula CO2. The linear molecule consists of a carbon atom that is doubly bonded to two oxygen atoms, O=C=O.Although carbon dioxide mainly consists in the gaseous form, it also has a solid and a liquid form.

Description of carbon dioxide

Chemical Formula: CO2

Molecular weight :44.01

Colour: Colourless

Melting Point : -55.6 degC
Boiling Point : -78.5 degC
Density : 1.977

1. Carbon dioxide is a linear covalent molecule.

2. Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide and reacts with water to give carbonic acid.

CO2 + H2O ==> H2CO3

3. Carbon dioxide reacts with alkalis to give carbonates and bicarbonates.

CO2 + NaOH ==> NaHCO3 (Sodium BiCarbonate )
NaHCO3 + NaOH ==> Na2CO3(Sodium Carbonate) + H2O

4. It is soluble in water, in ethanol and in acetone.

5. Carbon dioxide can change the pH of water. Carbon dioxide dissolves slightly in water to form a weak acid called carbonic acid, H2CO3, according to the following reaction:

CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3

After that, carbonic acid reacts slightly and reversibly in water to form a hydronium cation, H3O+, and the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-, according to the following reaction:

H2CO3 + H2O --> HCO3- + H3O+

This chemical behaviour explains why water, which normally has a neutral pH of 7 has an acidic pH of approximately 5.5 when it has been exposed to air.

6. Carbon dioxide is use in soft drinks and beer to make them fizzy.

7. Carbon dioxide released by baking powder or yeast makes cake batter rise.8. Fire extinguishers use carbon dioxide because it is denser than air. Carbon dioxide can blanket a fire, because of its heaviness. It prevents oxygen from getting to the fire and as a result, the burning material is deprived of the oxygen it needs to continue burning.9. The solid form of carbon dioxide, commonly known as Dry Ice, is used in theatres to create stage fogs and make things like "magic potions" bubble.10. Carbon dioxide is also used in a technology called supercritical fluid extraction that is used to decaffeinate coffee.

11. Combustion will produce carbon dioxide.

CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

12. Fermentation and photosysthesis process need carbon dioxide.

Oxygen-the gas that we inhale..

The gas that we inhale daily is oxygen,without oxygen, we can only survive for just a few minutes. In atmosphere, there is 21% of oxygen. Under ordinary conditions (STP) on Earth, oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is only slightly soluble in water. Oxygen has a pale blue color in the liquid and the solid phases. Ordinary oxygen gas (O2) exists as diatomic molecules. It also exists in another allotropic form, the triatomic molecule ozone (O3). Although eight isotopes of oxygen are known, atmospheric oxygen is a mixture of only three: those having mass numbers 16, 17, and 18. Let's have a briefly introduce about oxygen...
Name: Oxygen
Symbol: O
Atomic Number: 8
Atomic Mass: 15.9994 amu
Melting Point: -218.4 °C (54.750008 K, -361.12 °F)
Boiling Point: -183.0 °C (90.15 K, -297.4 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 8
Number of Neutrons: 8
Classification: Non-metal
Density @ 293 K: 1.429 g/cm3
Color: colorless
Group: 16
Period: 2
Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s 2p4
Most Common Ions: OH−, OH2−, O2−

Oxygen is very reactive. Its reaction with another substance to form an oxide is called oxidation. It is a constituent of a number of compound groups, such as acids, hydroxides, carbonates, chlorates, nitrates and nitrites, and phosphates and phosphites—as well as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils. The respiration of animals and plants is actually a form of oxidation, essential to the production of energy within these organisms.

Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements hence the origin of the original definition of oxidation. The only elements known to escape the possibility of oxidation are a few of the noble gases, and fluorine. The most famous of these oxides is water (H2O). Other well known examples include compounds of carbon and oxygen, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), alcohols (R-OH), carbonyls, (R-CO-H or R-CO-R)), and carboxylic acids (R-COOH). Oxygenated radicals such as chlorates (ClO3−), perchlorates (ClO4−), chromates (CrO42−), dichromates (Cr2O72−), permanganates (MnO4−), and nitrates (NO3−) are strong oxidizing agents in and of themselves. Many metals such as iron bond with oxygen atoms, iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). Ozone (O3) is formed by electrostatic discharge in the presence of molecular oxygen.

Oxygen not only required in respiration, it is also important is other processes.
Combustion
The burning of substances in air is a rapid form of oxidation called combustion. Complete combustion(with sufficient of oxygen) will produce carbon dioxode, water and heat energy.

For example, the burning of propane is:
C3H8 + 5O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O


Rusting
Rusting is a chemical process, it occurs when the iron or steel is exposed to moist air, it reacts with the oxygen in the air to create Iron (III) oxide. The formation of rust can occur at some distance away from the actual pitting or erosion of iron as illustrated below. This is possible because the electrons produced via the initial oxidation of iron can be conducted through the metal and the iron ions can diffuse through the water layer to another point on the metal surface where oxygen is available. This process results in an electrochemical cell in which iron serves as the anode, oxygen gas as the cathode, and the aqueous solution of ions serving as a "salt bridge" as shown below.

Perfumes..

Perfumes are a mixture of essential oils and aromas. The smell of a particular perfume will vary slightly from woman to woman, as each person’s individual skin chemistry and body temperature will react slightly differently to a given scent, so each individual will have a different preference when choosing a perfume.

On application, body heat causes the solvent to evaporate quickly, leaving the fragrance to evaporate gradually over several hours. The rate of evaporation(vapor pressure) and the odor strength of the compound partly determines the tenaciousness of the compound and determines it perfume note classification.

Top notes: Scents that are perceived a few minutes after the application of a perfume. Top notes create the scents that forms a person's initial impression of a perfume. Because of this, they are very important in the selling of a perfume. The scents of is note class are usually described as "fresh", "assertive" or "sharp". The compounds that contribute to top notes are strong in scent, very volatile, and evaporate quickly. Citrus and ginger scents are common top notes.

Heart notes or Middle notes : The scent of a perfume that emerges after the top notes wear-down. The heart note compounds form the "heart" or main body of a perfume and acts to smooth the sharpness from the initial impression of perfume that caused by the top notes. Not surprisingly, the scent of heart note compounds are usually more mellow and "rounded". Scents from this note class appear anywhere from 10 minutes to 1 hour after the application of a perfume. Lavender and rose scents are typical heart notes.

Base notes: The scent of a perfume that appears after the departure of the heart notes. Base Notes bring depth and solidness to a perfume. Compounds of this class are usually the fixatives used to hold and booster the strength of the lighter top and heart notes. The compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usally not perceived until 30 minutes after the application of the perfume or during the period perfume dry-down . Musk, vetiver and scents of plant resins are commonly used as base notes.

You may already enjoy choosing from a wide variety of very different perfumes, selecting whichever best suits your mood on a given day. However, women’s perfume fragrances can be split into seven different olfactive families, as follows:

Aldehydic
This group of perfumes contains chemicals from the aldehyde group. The most famous perfume in this group is Chanel No.5, which was also the first aldehydic perfume to be created.


Chypre
Named after the perfume of the same name created by Coty in 1917, perfumes in this category have a base of bergamot, labdanum, patchouli and oakmoss, which gives a mixture of woody and floral tones. The scent of chypre perfumes tends to be very rich and long-lasting.

Citrus
These perfumes are fresh and light, and traditionally have been used only as eau de colognes, as the fragrance tends to be subtle. Citrus scents include bergamot, grapefruit, lemon, orange and tangerine.

Floral
As the name suggests, the dominant fragrances in floral perfumes are derived from one or several types of flower. This is a very popular group, and floral perfumes tend to be suitable for any occasion. To ensure that the fragrance is long lasting, you should purchase perfumes at the quality end of the scale, as cheaper perfumes tend to use lower quality oils, which can make a difference in this group.

Fougere
The term ‘fougere’ means fern in French, and perfumes in this category feature a base of oakmoss, lavende and coumarin which combine to produce a woody, herbaceous scent that is especially popular in men’s fragrances. The first fougere perfume was Houbigant’s Fougere Royale (Royal Fern), created in 1882.

Oriental
Oriental perfumes form another large olfactory group. Also known as ambers, perfumes in this category are often described as warm and sensual. The scents for these perfumes come from musk, vanilla and exotic woods.

Woody
Perfumes with fragrances that are derived from woods such as cedar, patchouli, sandalwood and vetiver are part of the woody group.
They are more commonly found in men’s fragrance ranges, but there are still several women’s perfumes in this family (usually described with Oriental or Floral tones as well).

Perfumery Chemicals
Perfumery compounds or chemicals are essential elements for aromatic perfumery chemicals. These perfumery chemicals are volatile components of different plants by steam distillation, that contribute to various aromas. These perfumery chemicals are key components in a number of successful perfumery and cosmetic industries. These are some of the examples of perfumery chemicals includes benzyl acetate,

benzyl benzoate, cyclamen aldehyde, diphenyl methane, ethyl phenylacetate, methyl phenyl acetate, alpha amyl cinnamic aldehyde and para cresyl phenyl acetate.

Salt in our life...

When acids and bases react with each other, they can form a salt and water. This is called a neutralization reaction and takes the following form:
HA + BOH --> BA + H2O

In chemistry, salt is a general term used for ionic compounds composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions), so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. These ions can be inorganic (Cl-) as well as organic (CH3-COO-) and monoatomic (F-) as well as polyatomic ions (SO42-).

Zwitterions are salts,which contain an anionic center and a cationic center in the same molecule, examples are the amino acids, many metabolites, peptides, and proteins.

The reverse of the neutralization reaction is called hydrolysis. In a hydrolysis reaction a salt reacts with water to yield the acid or base:
BA + H2O --> HA + BOH

Properties of salts

1. High melting point
Salts are usually solid crystals with a relatively high melting point. However, there exist salts that are liquid at room temperature, so-called ionic liquids. Inorganic salts usually have a low hardness and a low compressibility, similar to table salt.

2. Solubility
Salts are mostly soluble in water. During the salvation or hydration process the packed ions are separated by water molecules. However, there is some salts are insoluble in water, e.g. silver chloride, calcium sulfate, and many metal sulfides.

3.Odor
Pure salts are usually odorless, while impure salts may smell after the acid (e.g. acetates like acetic acid (vinegar), or the base (e.g. ammonium salts like ammonia).

4.Colour
Salts can be clear and transparet(e.g.sodium chloride), opaque (e.g.titanium dioxide), and even metallic and lustrous (e.g.iron disulfide). However,there are salts that exist in different colors, e.g. yellow (sodium chromate), orange (sodium dichromate), red (mercury sulfide), mauve (cobalt dichloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulfate), white (titanium dioxide), and black (manganese dioxide). Most minerals and inorganic pigments as well as many synthetic organic dyes are salts.

5.Nomenclature

The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate). Salts are often referred to only by the name of the cation (e.g. sodium salt or ammonium salt) or by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate).

Common salt-forming cations are:
~ammonium NH4+
~calcium Ca2+
~iron Fe2+ and Fe3+
~magnesium Mg2+
~potassium K+
~pyridinium C5H5NH+
~quaternary ammonium NR4+
~sodium Na+

Common salt-forming anions (and the name of the parent acids in parentheses) are:
~acetate CH3-COO- (acetic acid)
~carbonate CO32- (carbonic acid)
~chloride Cl- (hydrochloric acid)
~citrate HO-C(COO-)(CH2-COO-)2 (citric acid)
~cyanide C≡N- (hydrogen cyanide)
~hydroxide OH- (water)
~nitrate NO3- (nitric acid)
~nitrite NO2- (nitrous acid)
~oxide O2- (water)
~phosphate PO43- (phosphoric acid)
~sulfate SO42- (sulfuric acid)

Uses of salts(examples)
~ammonium chloride(NH4Cl) use in soldering, as electrolyte in dry cells ~sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3) use in baking powder and manufacture of glass
~sodium chloride(NaCl) use for seasoning and preserving food, essential in life processes ~calcium chloride(CaCl2) use as a drying agent to absorb moisture, in freezing mixtures
~silver bromide(AgBr) use in making photographic film ~potassium nitrate(KNO3) use in manufacture of explosives and fertilizer ~sodium nitrate(NaNO3 ) use as fertilizer and a source of nitric acid

Hey...Please stop drinking alcohol!!!

hi all, this is my first post which is about the side effects of consuming alcohol....especially for the one who addicted to alcohol drinks...take a look of it!!

okie..let me start with a simple question->Do you guys ever drink alcohol before? i am sure most of you will answer yes...haha

actually, what is alcohol??

Alcohol is created when grains, fruits, or vegetables are fermented. Fermentation is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into alcohol. The alcohol that we drink contains ethanol.

The structure of ethanol.

Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes:beers, wines, and spirits. Beer has an alcohol content of about 3-8% and wine consists of approximately 7-18% alcohol concentration.Distinctive alcoholic beverages differ in terms of their aging process like beer that undergoes a process of short fermentation, lasts for about a week or so. On the contrary, wine, which involves a longer process of fermentation, has a long aging period, lasting many months or even years.

So if alcohol is a natural product, why do we need to be concerned about drinking it? It is because alcohol is a depressant, it slows the function of the central nervous system. Alcohol blocks some of the messages trying to get to the brain. This alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.

In very small amounts, alcohol can help a person feel more relaxed or less anxious. More alcohol causes greater changes in the brain, resulting in intoxication. People who have overused alcohol may stagger, lose their coordination, and slur their speech. They will probably be confused and disoriented. Depending on the person, intoxication can make someone very friendly and talkative or very aggressive and angry. Reaction times are slowed dramatically — which is why people are told not to drink and drive. People who are intoxicated may think they're moving properly when they're not. They may act totally out of character.When large amounts of alcohol are consumed in a short period of time, alcohol poisoning can result. Alcohol poisoning is exactly what it sounds like — the body has become poisoned by large amounts of alcohol. Violent vomiting is usually the first symptom of alcohol poisoning. Extreme sleepiness, unconsciousness, difficulty breathing, dangerously low blood sugar, seizures, and even death may result.

Alcoholic beverages can be addictive, and the state of addiction to alcohol is known as alcoholism. For a long period of consuming alcohol, it can affect the person in many different ways.

Brain damage: Binge drinking can cause blackouts, memory loss and anxiety. Long-term drinking can result in permanent brain damage, serious mental health problems and alcohol dependence or alcoholism.

Cancers: Drinking alcohol is the second biggest risk factor for cancers of the mouth and throat. People who develop cirrhosis of the liver (often caused by too much alcohol) can develop liver cancer.

Heart and circulation: Alcohol can cause high blood pressure (hypertension) increasing the risk of having a heart attack or stroke. It also weakens heart muscles, which can affect lungs, liver, brain and other body systems and can cause heart failure. Binge drinking and drinking heavily over longer periods can cause the heart to beat irregularly (arrhythmia) and has been linked to cases of sudden death.

Kidneys: Heavy drinking can increase your risk of developing high blood pressure – a leading cause of chronic kidney disease.

Weight gain: Alcohol is high in calories. Weight for weight, the alcohol in a drink contains almost as many calories as fat. The average bottle of wine contains 600 calories while four pints of average strength lager contains 640.

Mental health: People may think alcohol helps them to cope with difficult situations and emotions, to reduce stress or relieve anxiety, but alcohol is in fact associated with a range of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, risk-taking behaviour, personality disorders and schizophrenia.

These are all the bad effects of drinking alcohol.For the one who love to drink alcohol, please concern about your own health. Think before you drink!!!